Al-Andalus( 1)

[TAREQ]

assalampalaikum wr wb


everyone


after along time an article on Al-Andalus is present


"Tariq Bin Ziyad (November 15 689-april 11 720)was a berber muslim and Umayyad general who led the conquest of Visigothic Hispania in 711 under the orders of the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid l.


Tariq bin Ziyad is considered to be one of the most important military commanders in lberian history.He was inintially the deputy of Musa ibn Nusair in North Africa ,and was sent by his superior to launch at the first thrust of a conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom (comprising modern Spain and Portugal).


On April 29 711,the armies of Tariq landed at Gibralter(the name Gibralter is derived from the arbic name Jabal Al Tariq which means Mountain of Tariq)


Upon landing Tariq burned his ships and the made a speech to his soldiers:


"Oh my warriors! whither would you flee..behind you is the sea, and before you ,the enemy.You have left now only the hope of your courage and your constancy.Remember that in this country you are more unfortunate than the orphan seated at the table of the avaricious master.Ypur enemy is before you, protected by,an innumerable army;he has men in abundance,but you as your only aid,have your own swords,and, as your only chance for life,such chance as you can snatch from the hands of ypur enemy.If the absolute want to which you are reduced is prolonged ever so little ,if you delay to seize immediate success,your good fortune will vanish,and your enemies whom your very presence has filled with fear,will take courage.Put far from you the disgrace from which you flee in dreams,and attack this monarch who has left his strongly fortified city to meet you.Here is a splendid opportunity to defeat him,if you will constent to expose yourselves freely to death.Do not believe that i desire to incite you to face dangers which i shall refuse to share with you.In attack i myself will be in the fore,where the chance of life is always least.


Remember that if suffer a few moments in patience ,you will afterward enjoy supreme delight.Do not imagine that your fate can be separated from mine,and rest assure that if you fall,i shall perish with you,or avenge you.You have heard that in this country,there are large number of revishingly beautiful greek maidens,their graceful forms are draped in sumptuous gowns on which gleam pearls,coral,purest gold,and they lived in the palaces of royal kings.The commander of True believers,Al-Walid,son of Abul malek, have chosen you for this attack from among all his arab warriors;and he promises that you shall become his comrades and shall hold the rank of kings in this country.Such is his confidence in your intrepidity.The one fruit which he desires to obtain from your bravery is that the word of Allah shall be exalted in this country,and that the true religion shall be established here.The spoils will belong to yourseleves.


Remember that i place myself in the front of this glorious charge which i exhort you to make.At the moment when two armies meet hand to hand,you will see me,never doubt it,seeking out this roderick,tyrant of his people,challenging him to combat,if God is willing.If i perish after this,I will have had atleast,the satisfaction of delievering you,and you will easily find among you an experienced hero,to whom you can confidently give the task to direct you.But should i fall before i reach to Roderick,redouble your ardor,force yourselves to the attack and achieve the conquest of this country,in depriving him of life.With him dead,his soldiers will no longer defy you."


The muslim army swept through Hispania and in the summer of 711,won a decisive victory when the Visigothic king ,Roderick,was defeated and killed on July 29 at the Battle of Guadalete.Afterwards Tariq was made the governer of Hispania but eventually was called back to Damascus by the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid l where he spent the rest of his life.


ws wr wb


Jowayriah

[Muslimah]

Bismillah


wa alykom as salam Jowairyah


Mash a Allah, keep it up, waiting for the rest of the series.

[TAREQ]

assalamualaikum wr wb


the second part of Al-Anadalus:THE EMIRATE AND THE CALIPHATE OF CORDOBA


"Under the orders of the great Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid l,Tariq bin Ziyad led a small force that landed on Gibraltar on April 30 ,711.After a decisive victory at the battle of Guadalete on July 19, 711,Tariq ibn Ziyad brought most of the lberian peninsula under muslim occupation in a seven year compaign.They crossed the Pyrenese and occupied southern parts of France.,but were defeated by the Frank Charles in the Battle of Poitiers in 732.However the poitiers did not stop the progress of the Berber Arabs and in 734 Avigon was occupied,Arles was looted and and the whole of province was overrun..In 737,muslims reached Burgundy,where they captured a large quantity of slaves to take back to lberia.Charles Martel responded with continous ompaigns against Muslims in the south of Gaul between 736 and 739 and twenty years later in 759,the Franks under the leader ship of Pepin the Short,expelled the Muslims from Septimania which was one of the five Administrative areas of Al-Andalus.


The lberian peninsula except for the Kingdom of Asturias,became part of the expanding of the Umayyad Empire,under the name of Al-Andalus.The earliest attestation of the Arab name is dinar coin preserved in the Archaelogical Museum in Madrid,dating from five years after the conquest (716).The bears the word "Al-Andalus" in the Arabic script on one side and the lberian Latin "Span" on the obverse.


At first Al-Andalus was ruled by governors appointed by the caliph,most rulings for periods of three years.However ,from 740, a series of civil wars between various Muslim groups in lberia resulted in the breakdown of caliphal control,with Yusuf Al-Fihri,who emerged as the main winner,effectively becoming an independent ruler.


In 750,The Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads for control of the great Arab Empire.But in 756 the exiled Umayyad prince Abd-ar-Rahman(later titled Al-Dakhil)ousted Yusuf Al-Fihri to establish himself as the Emir of Cordoba.He refused to submit to the Abbasid Caliph as Abbasid forces had killed most of his family.Over a thirty year reign ,he established a tenous rule over much of Al-Andalus,overcoming Partisans of both the Al-Fihri family and Abbasids.


For the next centuries and a half his decendents continued as emirs of Cordoba,with nominal control over the rest of al-Andalus and sometimes even the parts of North Africa,but with real control particularly over the marches along the christian border,Vacillating depending on the competence of the individual emir.Indeed the power of the emir Abdullah ibn Muhammad (circa 900) did not extend beyond Cordoba itself.But his grandson Abd-ar-Rahman lll,who succeeded him 912,not only rapidly restored Umayyad power throughout,but extended it into Western North Africa as well.In 929 he proclamed himself Caliph ,elevating the eimrate to a position competing the prestige not only with the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad but also the shi'ite Caliph in Tunis--with whom he was competing for North Africa.


The period of Caliphate is seen by Muslim writers as the Golden Age Of Al-Andalus.Crops produced using irrigation,along with food imported from the middle east,provided the area around Cordoba and some other Andalusi cities with an agricultural economic centre by far the most advanced in Europe.Among European cities ,Cordoba under the Caliphate ,with a population of perhaps 500,000,eventually overtook constantinople as the largest and most properous city in Europe.Within the Islamic world,Cordoba was one of the leading cultural centres.The wrok of its most important philosphers and sientists(notably Abulcasis and Averroes)had a major influence on the intellecctual life of medieval Europe.


Muslims and Non-Muslims often came from abroad to study in the famous libraries and universities of Al-Andalus after the reconquista of of Toledo in 1085.The most noted of these was Michael scot(c.1175-1235)who took the works of Ibn Rushud(Averroes)and Ibn Sinna(Avicenna)to Italy. This transmission was to have a significient impact on the formations of the European Rennasance".


Take care everyone


ws wr wb


Hafiza Juwayriah Haani

[Muslimah]

Bismillah


as salam alykom dear Jowayriah,


Jazaki Allah khairan for your effort, as you see, I have moved the thread to general and merged both part 1 and 2. This will make it much easier for the reader to follow. Insh a Allah you may continue as many parts as you wish :) here to create consistency.


Jazaki Allah khairan and may Allah Increase you in knowledge.

[TAREQ]

Assalam O alaikum wr wb


everyone


THE FIRST TAIFA PERIOD:


"The Cordoba caliphate effectively collapsed during a ruinous civil war between 1009 and 1013,although it was not finally abolished until 1031.Al-Andalus then broke up into a number of mostly independent states called Taifas.These were generally too weak to defend themselves against the reapted raids


and demands for tribute for the christian states to the north and west,which were known to the muslims as "Galician nations",and which had spread fron there initial strongholds in Galicia,Asturias,Cantabria,the Basque country and the Carolingian Marca Hispanica to become the kingdoms of Navarre,Leon,Portugal,Aragon and the County of Barcelona.Eventually raids turned into conquests,and in response the taifa kings were forced to request from the Almoravids,Islamic rulers of the Maghreb.There desperate maneuver, would eventually fall into there disadvantage,however.as the Moravids they had summoned from the south went on to conquer many of the taifa kingdoms."


I am very sorry for being late in bringing this up quickly...


take care everyone


wassalam wr wb


ur sister


Hafiza Jowayriah Haani

[TAREQ]

Assalam O alaikum wr wb


ALMORAVIDS,ALMOHADS AND MARINIDS:


In 1086 the Almoravid ruler os Morocco Yusuf bin Tashfin was invited by a Muslim citizen of Cordoba Sa'ad bin Abdul Muna'am in lberia to defend them against Alfanso Vl,king of castile and Leon.In that year,Yusuf bin Tashfin crossed the straits to Algeciras and inflicted a severe defeat on the christians at the az-Zallaqah .By 1094,Yusuf ibn Tashfin had removed all Muslim princes in lberia and annexed their states,except for the one at Zaragoza.He regained Valencia from the christians.


The Almoravids were succeeded in the 12th century by the Almohads,another Berber dynasty,after the victory of Abu Yusuf Ya'aqub al-Mansur over the Castillian Alfanso Vlll at the Battle of Alarcos.In 1212 a Coalition of christians king under the leadership of the castillian Alfanso Vlll defeated the Almohads in the battle of Las navas de tolosa.The Almohads continued to rule Al-andalus for another decade,but with much reduced power and prestige;and the civil wars following the death of Abu Ya'aqub Yusuf ll rapidly led to the re-establishment of taifas.The taifas newly independent but now weakend,were quickly conquered by Protugal,Castile and Aragon.After the fall of Muricia(1243)and the Algarve(1249),only the Emirate of Granada surivived as as a muslim state,but only as the tributary of Castile.Most of its tribute was paid in gold from present-day Mali and Burkina Faso that was carried to lberia through the merchant routes of the Sahara.


take care,


wassalam wr wb


Hafiza Juwayriah